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常识“行首、长老、都料”是什么意思,起源、典故、生平简介及释义-历史文化

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词汇 行首、长老、都料
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行首、长老、都料 

行首亦称行头。唐朝各行均有行首,行首如何产生不见记载,可能是由同业公推,大都有本行业中有地位、有财力的来充任。凡对内有关本行的一切事务,即由行首(行头)领导执行,对外有所交涉,支应或其他共同活动,亦由行首率领同业共同应付。作坊的业主、肆主或主人,一般都是有家传技艺的师付,他们有的叫“师”,有的叫“长老”。“都料”是技艺高超的工匠。柳宗元《梓人传》中所描述的能指挥各种工匠建造房屋的“都料匠”杨氏,敦煌文书提及的“知画行都料”董保德”,榆林窟壁画题名有“知金银行都料”,即是这类手工业匠人。他们有的因为家资丰足,成为手工业行业中的上层;有些贫困的,甚至典卖自己的儿子,属于下层,一般的小手工业作坊的业主,除自己的亲属参加生产劳动外,还有一些帮工和徒弟。帮工叫“匠”,有的叫“博士”。这些业主与帮工的关系,基本上是一种雇佣关系,工匠有一定的报酬,大的手工业作坊主,则雇有大批工匠。如定州何明远“资财巨万,家的绫机五百张。”
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